Control of established HIV-1 infection is mediated predominantly by CD8 + cytotoxic T cells, but there is also evidence that natural killer cells (NKs) play a role. Not only are these thought to be the first cells infected after sexual transmission, but they also account for up to 90% of the infected cell burden in vivo. The primary target of HIV-1 infection in vivo are CD4 + T cells. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors declare funding from Dormeur Financial Services LTD. QJS is a Jenner Vaccine Institute Investigator and a James Martin Senior Fellow. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: The project described was supported by a personal grant number F31AI098409 to ASM from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, grant number G0901732 from the Medical Research Council United Kingdom, and Dormeur Financial Services LTD. Received: JAccepted: AugPublished: September 10, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Smalls-Mantey et al. PLoS ONE 8(9):Įditor: William A Paxton, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands These data have implications for acquisition and control of HIV-1 in natural infection and in the context of vaccination.Ĭitation: Smalls-Mantey A, Connors M, Sattentau QJ (2013) Comparative Efficiency of HIV-1-Infected T Cell Killing by NK Cells, Monocytes and Neutrophils. Neutrophils mediated significant antibody-dependent killing of targets, but were less effective than monocytes or NK cells. We show that at the same effector to target ratio, NK cells and monocytes mediate similar levels of both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent killing of HIV-1-infected T cells. This was carried out in the presence or absence of HIV-1-specific antiserum to assess antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Here we use primary CD4 + T cells infected with the BaL clone of HIV-1 as target cells and autologous NK cells, monocytes, and neutrophils as effector cells, to quantify the cytotoxicity mediated by the different effectors. An additional antiviral mechanism is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
#Serum nks packs how to
I have also zipped them with their folders intact so you can just drop the whole thing into the Native Instruments user content folder.Īdded templates for Ultra Analog 2, PolyAna and a preliminary (WIP) one for Linplug Spectral (but this one is huge, so many envelopes I don't think it is useful as it stands but I need to think about how to cut it down, being able to reorder pages would also help).HIV-1 infected cells are eliminated in infected individuals by a variety of cellular mechanisms, the best characterized of which are cytotoxic T cell and NK cell-mediated killing. they have a template tag, you may want to remove that if you want to then save out presets using it and add more details of your own). I've put together all the templates I made so far into one pack, and also added some basic tags to help locate them in the browser (e.g.